Cover Crops in Missouri
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A presentation about using cover crops in Missouri
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Cover Crops in Missouri
- 2. A lot of biomass-2-3 tons/acre Winter Hardy High Nitrogen Fixation- 100 plus lbs/acre Wide window of planting August-mid October March Hard Seed, late maturing Problem When Wheat is in the Rotation
- 3. Adapted from Gallagher, Penn State 2007 Hairy Vetch Corn Yield-0 N Time lbs/acre %N N lbs/acre Early (May 4) 1,400 3.82 55 113 Middle (May 15) 4,300 4.43 190 132 Late (May 31) 6,600 4.15 274 140 2008 Early (May 1) 3,204 2.49 80 92 Middle (May 14) 4,005 2.92 117 121 Late (May 29) 4,361 4.55 197 79
- 4. Early May Late May
- 5. Large Biomass High N fixation-80- 120 lbs/acre Plant fall or early spring Not as winter hardy Seedling Disease problems
- 8. Plant August- September Early spring maturity Not as much biomass as Hairy Vetch or Peas Can reseed themselves
- 10. Some New Varieties are 7-14 days earlier Crimson Clover Days to 50% flowering Dry Matter yield From February 1 lb/acre Sunrise 51 1471 Robin 58 1587 Tibbee 67 1946 Chief 65 1921 Dixie 66 1872 Courtesy of Auburn University
- 12. Following Wheat Summer Annual Legumes Sunn Hemp Sesbania Cowpea Cowpea
- 13. Sesbania Sunn Hemp
- 14. Summer Cover Crops lb/acre %N lb N/acre Sesbania 4051 1.97 79 Sunn Hemp 5097 1.87 83 Cowpea 3325 2.47 81 From MU Bradford Research Center 2012
- 16. Each Species of Legume has a Different Species of Bacteria You must match them together.
- 18. Very Short Growing season-60 days Some Weed Control- Allelopathy Inexpensive Seed- much like wheat or rye Attract Beneficial Insects Many uses for Vegetable production Nutrient Cycling
- 19. Inexpensive Seed Rye is very winter hardy Spring Oats is not winter hardy and will winter kill-can be used to our advantage Rye tremendous dry matter Suppress weeds Allelopathy or Blocking Light Good to mix with legumes
- 20. Plant in Fall Overwinter-most of the time Deep Roots-5-6 ft Scavenge Nitrogen Dense matt controls weeds Can become a weed! Herbicide resistance problem
- 21. Late Summer Planted Sequester Nitrogen Loosen Soil Weed Control?
- 23. Fall Spring
- 24. Nutrient Scavenge, Loosen Soil, Weed Control
- 25. Tillage Radish Root dug out-32” Courtesy of Steve Groff-Pennsylvania
- 26. Ohio State Loosen Soil- University Courtesy of Increase root Steve Groff growth and Open water field infiltration? Tillage Radish® field Soil compaction decreased by >40%
- 29. Depth pHs OM P Ca Mg K CEC Mn Inches % lb/acre lb/acre lb/acre lb/acre meq/100g ppm 0-3 5.6 4.2 16 3393 279 170 12.4 25.2 3-9 6.0 3.2 8 4211 318 85 14 25.0 9-12 6.0 2.5 7 3513 480 136 13.5 4.3 12-18 5.4 2.4 3 5459 1262 285 23.8 0.1 18-24 4.8 2.2 1 4598 1393 340 23.7 0.7 24-29 5.1 1.6 16 5101 1525 308 24 16.2 29-36 5.4 0.9 28 3728 906 267 16.4 35.4 36-48 5.7 0.9 32 4102 1244 244 17.8 26.0 From MU Bradford-2012
- 30. K content ppm Crop 0-3 inch 3-6 inch 6-12 inch none 105 b 100 ab 109 a Rye 97 b 89 c 96 ab Crimson Clover 96 b 72 d 71 c Hairy Vetch 127 a 108 a 86 bc From Hargrove, 1986. Agronomy Journal
- 31. Rye and Radish can capture 100 or more lbs/acre of N Shoot Dry wt Root Dry Wt Shoot N Content Root N Content Shoot N Root N After Corn lbs lbs % % lbs lbs Radish 2165 2599 1.86 1.15 39.3 30 Rye 1757 2.39 37.9 After Soybean Radish 3345 1989 3.93 3.12 132 62 Rye 2545 3.94 100 From Dean and Weil, 2009 Journal of Environmental Quality
- 33. Brief
- 34. Hairy Vetch-$2.0/lb or $40-60/acre Austrian Winter Pea-$0.73/lb or $29-44/acre Crimson Clover-$1.2/lb or $24/acre Radish-$4 lb or $32/acre Cereal Rye-$0.23 or $14-21/acre Annual Rye-$0.80 or $16/acre Sunn Hemp-$2.5/lb or $50-75/acre Sesbania-$2.4/lb or $48/acre
- 35. Hairy Vetch-$40@ 100 lb N/acre=$0.40/lb Austrian Winter Pea-$29@80 lb N/acre=$0.36/lb Crimson Clover-$24@75 lb N/acre=$0.32/lb Sunn Hemp-$50@80 lb N/acre=$0.62/lb Sesbania-$48@80 N/acre=$0.60/lb
- 37. Divide monoculture seeding by number of species: Ex) Hairy Vetch-30 lb/acre, Cereal Rye-90 lb/acre, Austrian Winter Pea-60 lb/acre in monoculture When mixed: Hairy Vetch-10 lb/acre, Cereal Rye 30 lb/acre, and Austrian Winter Pea-20 lb/acre
- 41. Table 1. Typical herbicide rates, sensitive species, half- life, and potential for carryover injury to sensitive crops (carryover potential based on half lives and soil availability). Herbicide half-life estimates derived from the WSSA Herbicide Handbook, 2007 or other scientific literature. Herbicide Typical rate/acre Sensitive species Half life (days) Carryover potential Accent 2/3 oz brdlfs+grass 21 Low Assure/Targa 8 oz grass 60 Low Atrazine 1 lb brdlfs+grass 60 Moderate Authority 4 oz brdlfs 32-302 Moderate Balance Pro 2 fl oz brdlfs+grass 50-120 Moderate Callisto 6 fl oz brdlfs 5-32 Moderate Classic 2 oz brdlfs 40 Moderate Dual II Mag 1.67 pt brdlfs+grass 15-50 Low FirstRate 0.33 oz brdlfs 8-33 Low Harmony 1/8 oz brdlfs 12 Low Harness 2 pt brdlfs+grass 10-20 Low Impact 0.75 fl oz brdlfs+grass 14 Low Laudis 3 fl oz brdlfs+grass 14 Low Outlook 16 fl oz brdlfs+grass 20 Low Peak 1 oz brdlfs 9-152 Moderate Permit 2/3 oz brdlfs 9-27 Low Prowl H2O 3 pt brdlfs+grass 44 Low Pursuit 4 fl oz brdlfs+grass 60-90 Moderate Raptor 5 fl oz brdlfs+grass 20-30 Low Reflex 1.5 pt brdlfs 100 Moderate Resolve 2 oz brdlfs+grass 2-4 Low Select 10 oz grass 3 None Sencor 0.33 lb brdlfs+grass 14-60 Low Sharpen 3 fl oz brdlfs 7-35 Low Simazine 1 lb brdlfs+grass 60 Moderate Stinger 5 oz brdlfs 40 Moderate Valor 2.5 oz brdlfs 12-20 Low
- 49. 8/25/12 10 lbs./ac. Ryegrass broadcast 8/27/12 5 lbs./ac. Radish planted 10/19/21 Photos Ellis and Hoorman, 2012
- 57. Bio Strip-till Spring, Steve Groff
- 58. Plant Into the Radish and Then Kill the Ryegrass
- 61. Cereal Rye and Hairy Vetch Oats and Hairy Vetch Overseeded Overseeded into Corn on September Into Corn on September 6th 2011 6th 2011
- 62. Crimson Clover overseeded into Crimson Clover drilled into soybean Corn on September 6th 2011 Residue on October 12
- 64. 1200-1500 lbs/acre 2,000 lbs/acre
- 65. 2-5,000 lb/are depending upon the year
- 67. Courtesy of Penn State Extension, 2012
- 68. 100 Corn germination when planted into rye cover crop 90 80 70 Plant count per 10 feet 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 chop roll chop roll chop roll chop roll before cc destroyed same day cc destroyed 1 week after cc destroyed 2 weeks after cc destroyed From MU Bradford Research Center, 212
- 73. DAY OF DESICCATION 5 DAYS LATER Flailed Rolled Rolled Flailed
- 74. PLANT PERPENDICULAR TO SEED TO SOIL CONTACT THE WAY IT WAS ROLLED CAN BE A CHALLENGE
- 77. From Wagger, 1989. Agronomy Journal 100 90 80 70 60 lbs/acre 50 Rye 40 Crimson Clover 30 Hairy Vetch 20 10 0 2 4 8 12 16 Weeks
- 78. From Wagger, 1989, Agronomy Journal
- 79. Cover Crop Harvest Time Dry Wt N Concentration N C:N Total lbs/acre % lbs/acre Rye Early 6355 1.49 94 27:1 Rye Late 8144 1.25 101 32:1 Crimson Clover Early 3827 2.76 106 14:1 Crimson Clover Late 5260 2.48 131 16:1 Hairy Vetch Early 3720 3.69 131 11:1 Hairy Vetch Late 6337 3.22 204 12:1 From Wagger, 1989. Agronomy Journal
- 81. May Corn Grain Sorghum Missouri 1997-1999Cover Crop Cover Crop Fertilizer N Fertilizer N Cover Crop Seeding rate Dry Matter Equivalent Equivalent lb/acre lb/acre lb/acre Hairy Vetch 30 1744 37.3 54.8 Hairy Vetch 20 1451 40.2 46.5 Austrian Winter Pea 60 712 26.4 35.1 Austrian Winter Pea 40 757 33.6 6.5 HV+Oat 30+90 1197 28.5 40.9 HV+Oat 20+90 1059 18.6 21.7 AWP+Oat 60+90 990 -24.2 15 AWP+Oat 40+90 481 -16.8 -3.6 Oat 90 0 -24.5 -4.2 From Reinbott, et al, 2004. Agronomy Journal
- 82. Weed Control Smothering or Allelopathy Soil Health -soil microbes If no-till: soil and water conservation
- 83. From Steve Groff Cover Crop No Cover Crop
- 85. 1991-2003 CORN-SOYBEAN MULCH-TILL 2003-2012 NO-TILL + COVER CROP Soybean-Wheat Soybean-Corn
- 86. Centralia 88-Acre Research Field
- 87. Better Water Infiltration Nutrient Cycling Root Development
- 88. Bacteria-100 million-1 Billion! Fungal Filaments- Several Yards Protoza-Several Thousand Nematodes-10-20
- 90. Tillage Cereal Time No Cover Radish Rye % Late Fall 96 0 0 Late March 99 3 1 Late April 75 37 0 From Lawley, et al, 2011. Agronomy Journal
- 92. Cover Crop Broad Grasses Peren. Total 2007 Number/ft2 Hairy Vetch 1.2 2.1 6.8 10.4 None 1.8 8.0 9.9 20.1 2008 Hairy Vetch 0.7 0.7 0.6 2.0 None 5.1 6.3 0.9 12.3 From Mischler, et al 2010 Agronomy Journal
- 94. Corn/Soybean Corn/rye/Soybean/radish+oats Corn/rye+legume/Soybean/polyculture including legumes Corn/Corn-plant early Overseed oats+radish or oats+radish+crimson clover Corn/Soybean/Wheat Similar to above except after wheat follow a tropical legume such as sunn hemp, cowpea, and then other cover crops in the fall